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James Aloysius "Jim" Farley (May 30, 1888 – June 9, 1976) was one of the first Irish Catholic politicians in American history to achieve success on a national level, serving as Chairman of the New York State Democratic Committee, Chairman of the Democratic National Committee and as Postmaster General simultaneously under the first two administrations of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. A business executive and dignitary, and a Knight of Malta, Farley was commonly referred to as a political kingmaker, and was responsible for Franklin D. Roosevelt's rise to the presidency.〔(Farley Dies - Jun 10, 1976 - NBC - TV news: Vanderbilt Television News Archive ). Tvnews.vanderbilt.edu (1976-06-10). Retrieved on 2013-07-26.〕 Farley was the campaign manager for New York State politician Alfred E. Smith's 1922 gubernatorial campaign and Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1928 and 1930 gubernatorial campaigns, as well as FDR's Presidential campaigns of 1932 and 1936. Farley predicted large landslides in both, and revolutionized the use of polling, and polling data. He was responsible for pulling together the New Deal Coalition of Catholics, labor unions, African Americans, and farmers for FDR. Farley, and the administration's patronage machine he presided over, helped to fuel the social and infrastructure programs of the New Deal. Farley opposed Franklin Roosevelt breaking the two-term tradition of the presidency, and broke with Roosevelt on that issue in 1940. Farley helped to normalize diplomatic relations with the Holy See and in 1933 was the first high-ranking government official to travel to Rome, where he had an audience with Pope Pius XI and dinner with Cardinal Pacelli (future Pope Pius XII).〔(Full text of "Jim Farley S Story" ). Archive.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-26.〕 As of 1942, Farley was considered the supreme Democratic Party Boss of New York. In 1947, President Harry S. Truman appointed Farley to serve a senior post as a commissioner on the Hoover Commission, also known as the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government. Farley's work on the Hoover Commission would lead to the development and ratification of the 22nd Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, establishing the modern executive term-limit laws. This was viewed by many, including Farley, as vindication for his public opposition to FDR's third term. Remembered as one of the greatest business minds and salesmen of the 20th century, Farley guided and remained at the helm of Coca-Cola International for over 30 years and was responsible for the company's global expansion as a quasi-government agency in World War II. This was used as a boost to the morale and energy levels of the fighting boys. Shipped with food and ammunition as a “war priority item,” the deal spread Coke's market worldwide at government expense. Also at U.S. expense after the war, fifty-nine new Coke plants were installed to help rebuild Europe.〔(Why Coke Hates Pepsi – Part II | Alan's Mysterious World ). Alansmysteriousworld.wordpress.com (2009-10-21). Retrieved on 2013-07-26.〕 The Landmark James Farley Post Office in New York City is designated in his honor and as a monument to his career in public service.〔(Bill Summary & Status - 97th Congress (1981 - 1982) - H.RES.368 - THOMAS (Library of Congress) ). Thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved on 2013-07-26.〕 ==Early life and career== James Aloysius Farley was born in Grassy Point, New York,〔James A Farley (1938), ''Behind The Ballots, ''Harcourt, Brace, and Co. pg 3, ASIN B00126SYSQ〕 one of five sons whose grandparents were Irish Catholic immigrants. His father, James Farley, was involved in the brick-making industry, first as a laborer and later as a part owner of three small schooners engaged in the brick-carrying trade. His mother was the former Ellen Goldrick. After his father died suddenly, Farley helped his mother tend a bar and grocery store that she purchased to support the family. After graduating from high school, he attended Packard Business College in New York City to study bookkeeping and other business skills. After graduation he was employed by the United States Gypsum Corporation. Farley always had his heart set on a political career. In 1911, Farley officially began his service as a politician when he was elected town clerk of Stony Point, New York. Despite Stony Point's Republican leanings, Farley was reelected twice. He was elected Chairman of the Rockland County Democratic Party in 1918, and used this position to curry favor with Tammany Hall Boss Charles F. Murphy by convincing him that Alfred E. Smith would be the best choice for governor. Farley married the former Elizabeth A. Finnegan on April 28, 1920. They had two daughters and one son, Elizabeth, Ann and James Aloysius Farley, Jr. Farley backed this up when he secured the upstate vote for Smith north of the Bronx line when he ran for Governor the same year. The Democrats could not win north of the Bronx line before Farley organized the Upstate New York Democratic organization. By cultivating the neglected Upstate Democrats, Farley became a force in New York State politics. After helping Smith become Governor of New York State, Farley was awarded the post of Port Warden of New York City. He was the last Democrat to hold this post, which was taken over by the Port Authority of New York. Farley ran for the New York State Assembly in 1922 and won in Rockland County, a normally solid Republican stronghold. He sat in the 146th New York State Legislature in 1923, but lost it at the next election for having voted "wet" (i.e. voted for the repeal of the Mullan–Gage Act, the New York State law to enforce Prohibition). Farley was appointed to the New York State Athletic Commission at the suggestion of State Senator Jimmy Walker in 1923 and Farley served as a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention, where he befriended FDR, who would give his famous "Happy Warrior" speech regarding Smith. Farley got his first taste of national and global attention for his role in fighting for equal rights for African-Americans as Chairman of the New York State Athletic Commission. In 1926, Farley threatened to resign his post as Athletic Commissioner if boxing champion Jack Dempsey did not fight the mandatory challenger, African-American fighter Harry "The Black Panther" Wills. Farley banned Dempsey from fighting Gene Tunney and publicly threatened to revoke Tex Rickard's Madison Square Garden license if he ignored the ruling of the commission. This public stand for Negro rights proved to be a valuable asset to the Democratic Party for generations, and would sow the seeds of the Negro bloc of the New Deal. Wills was perhaps the most well known victim of the "color line" drawn by white heavyweight champions after the title reign of Jack Johnson. Wills fought between 1911 and 1932 and was ranked as the number one challenger for the throne, but was never given the opportunity to fight for the title. In 2003, he was named to ''Ring Magazines list of 100 greatest punchers of all time. During this period of time, Farley was also busy merging five small building supply companies to form General Builders Corporation, which would become the city's largest building supply company. Farley's firm was awarded federal contracts under the Republican Hoover Administration to supply building materials to construct buildings now considered landmarks, such as the Annex of the James A. Farley Post Office Building in New York City. General Builders supplied materials for the construction of the Empire State Building as well. Farley was an appointed official and resigned his post from General Builders when he joined FDR's cabinet. After some convincing from Farley and long time FDR confidant Louis Howe, Roosevelt asked Farley to run his 1928 campaign for the New York governorship. Farley orchestrated FDR's narrow victory in the 1928 gubernatorial election. Farley was named secretary of the New York State Democratic Committee and orchestrated FDR's reelection in 1930. He was named Chairman of the New York State Democratic Committee, a post he held until his resignation in 1944. Farley helped bring to Roosevelt's camp the powerful newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst and helped Roosevelt win the 1932 Presidential nomination and election. This was due to Farley's ability to gather the Catholics, unions, and big city machines (while maintaining the Solid South) into the New Deal Coalition. Farley would repeat this process with dramatic fashion in 1936 when he correctly predicted the states Roosevelt would carry, and the only two states he would lose, so goes the adage "As Maine goes, so goes Vermont". This prediction secured Farley's reputation in American history as a political prophet.〔(1952 Presidential Election Race: Eisenhower v Stevenson - Video Dailymotion ). Dailymotion.com (2010-10-01). Retrieved on 2013-07-26.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「James Farley」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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